Interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic condition presenting with symptoms including pain, urinary urgency and urinary frequency. IC/PBS is often poorly diagnosed and many patients may have seen multiple healthcare professionals over a period of years and undergone a variety of unsuccessful treatments. The lack of a definitive definition of IC/ PBS and diagnosis of its aetiology, cause and successful treatment contributes to a poor quality of life for many patients. This article looks at the main symptoms, diagnostic techniques and treatments for the IC/PBS. The author outlines how comprehensive history taking, physical examination and appropriate clinical tests all help community nurses to arrive at an appropriate and timely diagnosis, which, when combined with individualised treatment plans, can offer patients effective relief of their symptoms.